︎ [Student] Housing is Health

Strategies for healthier student housing, specifically as they relate to two bedroom apartments, using the existing Northwood IV student housing complex at the University of Michigan as an example.
By Noah Russin ︎

On campus housing is an essential part of college and university life. However, as a result of the pandemic, while vacancy rates are high, schools are developing strategies to combat the spread of disease.

This presentation focuses on design strategies schools can potentially use to create healthier student housing. One of the University of Michigan’s student housing options, Northwood IV, is used as an example to showcase these strategies, specifically as it relates to two-bedroom apartments.

The University of Michigan offers a variety of on-campus student housing ranging from one-bedroom apartments to four-bedroom suites. Northwood IV boasts the availability of a two-bedroom apartment equipped with a shared kitchen, shared bathroom, a study area, and a combined dining and living room (Michigan Housing).

College and university housing present an important question which design can help answer: How can students maintain health and wellbeing while sharing an apartment and apartment complex?

By Noah Russin, August 2020

Hypothesis: Each of the interventions introduced, using the University of Michigan’s existing Northwood IV student housing as an example, will allow for a healthier student population.

By Noah Russin, August 2020

The first strategy for improving health safety in the University of Michigan’s student housing is to separate the massing of each apartment. Design should consider allowing for more distance between students upon approaching their units, therefore reducing the likelihood of transmission.

By separating the massing of each apartment, more green space can be introduced between apartments. According to Earth Observatory at NASA, “green space is good for mental health” (NASA). “It can encourage exercise, provide spaces for socializing, decrease noise and air pollution, and improve immune function by providing exposure to beneficial microbiota. It also can help with psychological restoration; that is, green space provides a respite for over-stimulated minds” (NASA). We all know how over-stimulating academic settings can be. Research from World Resources Institute found “urban trees in the United States could yield $25 million in savings just in air pollution related health care costs and lost workdays” (Thomson Rueters Foundation). These benefits are crucial when extrapolated to a campus setting. Students often find themselves over-worked and over-stressed and a simple solution to this is the introduction of more and better green spaces, especially close to where students live.

By separating the massing of each apartment, more windows can be introduced so that the full benefits of greater green space can be experienced. This can be accomplished because walls are no longer being shared by adjacent apartments. This also allows for more windows to be southern facing in order to consistently face the Sun in the northern hemisphere, allowing them to make the most of solar gain by letting natural light shine through while absorbing heat. According to Healthline, “natural light provides measurable health benefits by boosting vitamin D, warding off seasonal depression, improving sleep, and reducing the health risks associated with fluorescent lighting” (Garone).

Since walls are no longer being shared by adjacent apartments, the risk of noisy neighbors is essentially eliminated. This is ideal for a university setting especially during a pandemic. It can be difficult to concentrate or converse via video conferencing with noisy neighbors. By separating the massing of the apartments, noise is significantly reduced.

By separating the massing of each apartment, a feeling of community can be somewhat lost. By physically distancing apartments from each other, residents are also physically distanced. This can be beneficial in terms of reducing the risk of transmission but can be detrimental in terms of fostering social space and a sense of community. By connecting the second level balconies into one cohesive platform, a greater sense of community can be accomplished, while also increasing balcony and outdoor space for each resident. This provides space that can be used for working out, social hangouts both distanced and non-distanced, studying outdoors, and more. It also allows for neighbors to be more easily connected, which is not always the best thing. In order to separate the visual connection from a person’s bedroom to the balcony, no windows are adjacent to the balcony and the balcony is staggered to reflect the interior layout of the apartments.

Each of the interventions mentioned to this point reflect health measures between apartments but not within them. A student should not have to worry if their roommate is experiencing symptoms or has tested positive that the disease will automatically be transmitted to them. The layout of each apartment reflects this worry and introduces various interventions as means to combat this risk.

Upon approaching the two-bedroom units, the residents will notice that they each have their own entry way and circulation. This significantly reduces the possibility of transmission by physically separating high touch surfaces and shared air space which would otherwise exist if there was only one entryway and one set of stairs.

The threshold between outdoors and indoors becomes a particularly important tool in separating sanitized space from un-sanitized space. As opposed to just being a wall with a door for entry, the threshold should rather be utilized as a space that allows one to wipe down or wash away any fear of disease compromised materials. Adjacent to the front door for each resident, exists a small locker and a sink. This allows the student to place any potentially compromised materials such as a jacket, coat, sneakers, or other items which may have come into contact with the disease in the locker before entering the apartment. It also allows and emphasizes the importance of washing hands before entering the apartment. This space can also be utilized during times of health. The locker can used for extra storage and is a great place to keep an umbrella or an extra jacket for those especially cold days in Michigan.

Upon entering the apartment and within the threshold space also exists circulation for each resident to reach the second floor of the apartment. By creating a separate circulation space, residents do not have to worry about using the same air space or railing with a potentially sick roommate.

On the first level of each apartment exists two flex spaces, one for each resident, and a shared kitchen equipped with a stove oven, refrigerator, two sinks, and plenty of storage space.

The flex spaces provide a large enough area to be utilized in whatever way the student likes. This space can be used for schoolwork, working out indoors, dining, socializing and more. The two flex spaces are separated by the shared kitchen. Sliding glass panels allow each resident to close themselves off when they feel necessary. The glass panels can be closed off on either side of the kitchen so as to provide more flexibility and options when needed. These panels can be closed off if one roommate is sick or has tested positive for the disease. It can also be closed off when one student is trying to focus on work while the other cooks or has friends over. The panels provide a distancing measure while also retaining the importance of visual connectivity.

During times of pandemic, the first floor can be effective in separating a compromised roommate from a healthy one. The two residents can negotiate who has access to the kitchen and can choose to slide whichever of the two sets of panels makes the most sense. During times of health, the panels can be slid back into place and the first floor can be shared between the roommates.

After ascending their respective stairs to the second floor, the resident will find themselves in their own bedroom. The second floor consists of two bedrooms, one for each resident, with an open but covered balcony space between them. The bedrooms come with their own bathroom, bed, and lounge area. Because each resident has their own bathroom, as opposed to a shared one, the risk associated with sharing bathroom space with a potentially sick roommate is eliminated.

The balcony space between the bedrooms allows for better ventilation of the whole space. Between the sliding glass doors and the operable windows, the apartment can be opened up to vent any compromised air particles thus reducing the risk of disease spreading amongst roommates.

Testing the Hypothesis
In order to test whether the hypothesis is correct or not, a study can be conducted to analyze students’ health and production before and after these strategies are implemented. This can be done through surveys as well as statistical analyses of the health of the student population. If health improves and students feel comfortable, safe, and productive in the new space that utilizes these strategies, then the hypothesis is correct.

The Bottom Line
Understandably, a college or university might be hesitant to apply these interventions. Most of these interventions imply an increase in cost in terms of construction. By separating the massing of the building, more walls need to be constructed. By introducing more windows, a larger balcony, more sinks, sliding glass panels, and a spatially larger design, construction costs will surely increase.

However, these costs can be mitigated when taking a holistic approach to university financing. Typically, in order for a college to pay for a new building or to renovate an existing building a combination of revenue, contingency savings, federal bonds and grants, state bonds and grants, public-private partnerships, or donors are used (Kroll).

A public-private partnership can potentially be utilized to deliver this project. A private developer is incentivized to complete this project because although the rents must be affordable, the occupancy rate will almost always be 100%. This means that all of the apartments will most likely be booked reducing the risk associated with financing the project. When considering what students will want in choosing housing, health safety will be at the front of everyone’s minds following this pandemic. This design clearly delivers that need which again shows the likelihood of a 100% occupancy rate. This reduction in risk and the partnership in and of itself reduces the costs.

Typically, a university will also hold a contingency fund. This fund is designed to be used when economic struggles are experienced. This pandemic presents the perfect reason for a university to utilize these savings in order to provide for the student population. When analyzing the cost benefit relationship of doing so a few issues should be considered. First, if a university does not provide the necessary health safety measures for on campus housing then it automatically will be competing with nearby residences as well as other schools who are introducing health safety measures. If the student population as a whole and the student population who choose to live on campus diminishes, the university will have a difficult time financially. The cost of constructing these interventions is significantly less when compared to the costs associated with losing a portion of the student population.

Schools also need to consider the health benefits of these interventions and their associated cost decreases. It is likely that due to these interventions the college or university will experience a healthier overall student population. This decreases the cost burden put on academic health institutes therefore reducing the net bottom line for the school. By providing a health safety intervened building, the school will likely experience savings in other areas of their financing, again reducing the overall cost associated with delivering this project.

︎
Works Cited

Alati, Danine. “These Are the 7 Requests Clients Will Make Post COVID-19.” Architectural Digest, 22 May 2020, www.architecturaldigest.com/story/these-are-the-7-features-clients-will-be-requesting-post-covid-19.
Chayka, Kyle, et al. “How the Coronavirus Will Reshape Architecture.” The New Yorker, 17 June 2020, www.newyorker.com/culture/dept-of-design/how-the-coronavirus-will-reshape-architecture.
Davies, Sophie. “Sliding Walls, Hideable Offices: How Pandemic Could Change Home Design.” Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 4 Aug. 2020, www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-global-homes/sliding-walls-hideable-offices-how-pandemic-could-change-home-design-idUSKCN2500FY.
Foundation, Thomson Reuters. “Sliding Walls: How Pandemic Could Change Home Design.” News.trust.org, 4 Aug. 2020, news.trust.org/item/20200804114129-f29h2/.
Garone, Sarah. “11 Things to Know About Natural Light and Your Health.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 3 Oct. 2018, www.healthline.com/health/natural-light-benefits.
“Green Space Is Good for Mental Health.” NASA, NASA, 2019, earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145305/green-space-is-good-for-mental-health.
Kroll, Karen. “Types of Funding for Construction Projects on Campus |.” University Business Magazine, 12 Nov. 2019, universitybusiness.com/capital-projects-5-ways-to-pay/.
Mackres, Eric. “Insights from Big Data on How COVID-19 Is Changing Society.” World Resources Institute, 22 July 2020, www.wri.org/blog/2020/05/insights-big-data-how-covid-19-changing-society.
“Northwood III.” Michigan Housing, 10 Aug. 2020, housing.umich.edu/residence-hall/northwood-iii/.
Ogundehin, Michelle. “‘In the Future Home, Form Will Follow Infection.’” Dezeen, 4 June 2020, www.dezeen.com/2020/06/04/future-home-form-follows-infection-coronavirus-michelle-ogundehin/.
“Risk Management Plan for Buildings.” The American Institute of Architects, 2020, www.aia.org/resources/6299432-risk-management-plan-for-buildings.

︎ Health Connect:
Creating an Equitable Community Health Ecosystem

Our aim is to create hyper-localized disruptions within a community’s
existing social determinants of health for better health outcomes.
By Natalie DeLiso ︎, Nina Lang ︎, Nehal Jain ︎, Angana Symanoy ︎

Why
The medical community is increasingly incorporating a set of principles called the Social Determinants of Health into assessments of patient health. Health Connect seeks to address these social determinants both physically and digitally to decrease isolation and activate underutilized urban space. According to Michigan's 2020 Primary Care Needs Assessment, Michigan has no shortage of primary care providers, but these providers are distributed unequally and are not always utilized even within densely populated healthcare networks. This is not just a Michigan problem: 80% of counties across the United States lack healthcare access according to a 2021 GoodRx Study. [Insert project name here] aims to provide a widely applicable framework of digital and physical interventions to move communities from underutilized space and disconnected community health services to engaged and connected health ecosystems for equitable health access.

Social Determinants of Health Pyramid. Source: http://www.healthydouglas.org/

How
Health Connect's physical interventions are scalable based on the existing healthcare infrastructures of each community. While an urban area like Detroit might have an abundance of physical clinics, location-activated healthcare reminders could be built into naturally occurring urban waiting spaces like bus stops or laundromats. Suburban environments like Livingston County might require interventions such as deployable popups or mobile clinics. Finally, because of the sprawling nature of rural environments, communities such as Clare County would require the most physical of interventions, with semi-permanent clinic buildings located near other local infrastructures like libraries, post offices, or grocery stores to ensure the most access for the most people.

The digital interface is conceived as the secondary connection between an individual and their health community, driven by the Social Determinants of Health. A series of "check ins" is available on the app seek to address different elements of the Social Determinants: A notification nudge for a grandchild to check on their grandparent who hasn't logged their medication intake in several days would address the "Social and Community Context" Determinant, for example. These digital interventions also become physical when addressing the "Healthcare Access" and "Neighborhood and Built Environment" Determinants with invitations to local popup health screenings, EMR tech literacy classes, and insurance enrollment drives.

Mapping Healthcare Deserts in Michigan

What

To address the healthcare desert scenarios we identified in our research, we developed a series of physical interventions. Our three physical elements are augmented by our digital intervention: an app that we’ve developed. Each physical intervention is equipped with a wifi hotspot which can work in tandem with the app and encourage more interaction with Health Connect. Now we will walk through each intervention in more detail.

Our smallest-scale physical intervention makes use of space where people already wait in their daily lives and turns waiting time into a healthcare opportunity. Kiosks will be installed in natural waiting areas like grocery stores, laundromats, or bus stops. These kiosks will allow people to schedule appointments, update their health information, or chat with providers. This is most appropriate for low level deserts to create connections between existing healthcare infrastructures.

As we scale up in physicality and healthcare need, we move to our mobile intervention. These clinics take primary care to areas of highest need and provide care across various health disciplines: from vaccination stations, to pediatric pop-ups. Services would not necessarily be limited to medical needs, as these interventions could host classes on insurance and technology literacy. This would be most appropriate for medium level deserts to fill in gaps in communities with less substantial healthcare infrastructure.

Our final intervention is for communities with the highest level of healthcare need. For these communities, established infrastructure is either poor or nonexistent, and our intervention would involve construction of new clinics. This newly built infrastructure would be sited in a location with high local utilization to eliminate access issues. For example, a clinic could be sited near a school to provide care for sick children and make access easier for parents if they also need to see a doctor.

The digital element of our healthcare ecosystem is WebWell by Health Connect. This mobile app supports our physical interventions and promotes healthy and connected lifestyles for its users. Elements of the app address its three guiding principles: health behaviors, social connection, and environmental health. For example: badges, points, and check-ins foster better health behaviors while local events and digital buddies encourage social connectivity beyond the digital sphere.To further the environmental health of a community, geolocations are leveraged to notify users of Health Connect’s physical intervention locations.

The digital interface will provide a platform for information sharing and engagement among community members. People will be able to connect with individuals they already know and be encouraged to interact with new community members in the physical realm. Through information about local events, This point system will provide rewards for individuals, providing positive affirmations that encourage habitual healthy behavior. This intervention will also monitor health behaviors, providing feedback and insight into each user's personal health goals. This project aims to develop a digital platform that creates connections and encourages healthy habits to improve health outcomes and reduce disparities in these underserved communities.

Physical Interventions

Digital Interface

So What
By creating an expanded network of opportunities for connection and health services, underutilized areas in underserved communities will be transformed to create better social connections and health outcomes. This network will encourage community members to engage with their neighborhood and neighbors by providing easily accessible information and hyper-localized program options. These interventions will promote a wide range of healthy lifestyle behaviors. The proposal will encourage digital and physical interaction, each creating a feedback loop, furthering and encouraging engagement.

Physical interventions will activate underutilized urban, suburban, and rural spaces in the pursuit of health-centric communities. The digital connections within the community will encourage potentially isolated populations to attend healthcare-related spaces and events.

Building Block of Health Connect Interventions

Design To Outcomes
Ultimately, we aim for our physical and digital interventions to work together to promote healthy, connected communities. Health Connect will provide increased access to resources, with a firm grounding in addressing the Social Determinants of Health. We seek to leverage these Social Determinants to empower each individual in the community to take an active role in making healthier choices. By establishing a hub of services designed to meet the current and future needs of the community, this initiative will create positive, lasting change in the health outcomes of underserved populations.

Links to Follow:
︎︎︎Two Page Report
︎︎︎Miro Board

︎
Works Cited

“Assets.ctfassets.net.” Accessed December 8, 2022. https://assets.ctfassets.net/4f3rgqwzdznj/1XSl43l40KXMQiJUtl0iIq/ad0070ad4534f9b5776bc2c41091c321/GoodRx_Healthcare_Deserts_White_Paper.pdf.
“Assets.ctfassets.net.” Accessed December 8, 2022. https://assets.ctfassets.net/4f3rgqwzdznj/1XSl43l40KXMQiJUtl0iIq/ad0070ad4534f9b5776bc2c41091c321/GoodRx_Healthcare_Deserts_White_Paper.pdf.
“Brighton Real Estate - Homes for Sale.” Brighton Real Estate - Homes for Sale. Accessed December 8, 2022. https://www.realestateone.com/community/mi/livingston-county/brighton/.
“Change Systems.” Care Share Health Alliance, November 3, 2020. https://www.caresharehealth.org/partner-for-systems-change/.
“City Health Dashboard.” City Health Dashboard, October 15, 4687. https://www.cityhealthdashboard.com/.
“Civic Commons.” Studio Gang. Accessed December 8, 2022. https://studiogang.com/project/civic-commons.
“Community Health Workers.” County Health Rankings & Roadmaps. Accessed December 8, 2022. https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/take-action-to-improve-health/what-works-for-health/strategies/community-health-workers.
Constine, Josh. “Kitestring, the App That Makes Sure You Get Home Safe.” TechCrunch, April 16, 2014. https://techcrunch.com/2014/04/16/kitestring/.
“Container to Clinic: Um-Designed Pop-up Clinic a First-of-Its Kind in Jamaica: GlobalReach: Michigan Medicine.” GlobalReach, January 27, 2020. https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/globalreach/news/archive/201611/container-clinic-um-designed-pop-clinic-first-its-kind-jamaica.
“Containers 2 Clinics.” Stack + Co. Accessed December 8, 2022. https://stackac.com/projects/containers-2-clinics/.
“Free Vectors, Stock Photos & PSD Downloads.” Freepik. Accessed December 8, 2022. https://www.freepik.com/.
“Health Care Services for Uninsured Final Report - Nciom.org.” Accessed December 8, 2022. https://nciom.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/HealthCareServicesforUninsured_FinalReport.pdf.
“Home.” Kindbody, October 25, 2022. https://kindbody.com/.
“Homeless Pets Get Care at Pop Up Clinic: KCRW Features.” KCRW. KCRW, June 29, 2018. https://www.kcrw.com/news/shows/kcrw-features/homeless-pets-get-care-at-pop-up-clinic.
“How Do Mobile Health Clinics Improve Access to Health Care?” School of Public Health, September 15, 2022. https://publichealth.tulane.edu/blog/mobile-health-clinics/.
Lily Bohlke, Michigan News Connection. “Report: Mobile Health Clinics Reach Vulnerable Michigan Communities.” Detroit Metro Times. Detroit Metro Times, June 5, 2022. https://www.metrotimes.com/news/report-mobile-health-clinics-reach-vulnerable-michigan-communities-29790196.
“Live Healthy Douglas.” Live Healthy Douglas, February 23, 2018. http://www.healthydouglas.org/.
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HealthbyDesign

︎ Consumption Of Alcohol In Moderation

︎ Street Greening

︎ Diet Assisstance

︎ MDining Design

︎ SmartEatingWare

︎ Creating Nourishing Environments

︎ Indoor/Outdoor Shed

︎ Campus COVID-19 Dashboard

︎ [Student] Housing is Health

︎ Lunchables: REthought

︎ The Conscious Life

︎ Health Foundations Mini Course and Intermission Periods

︎ Healthy Points of Decision through Accessibility and Visibility

︎ Nutrition by Design

︎ Sensory Stimulation Through Nature

︎ Intergenerational Community Connections

︎ Power of Play: Improving Brain Health In Lower-Income Affordable Housing

︎ Therapeutic Wayfinding: Transforming the Corridor Into a Healing Environment

︎ Chair, Clinic, and the Classroom

︎ ︎Redefining the Point of Entry: Heal as You Wait

︎ Provider’s Plug

︎ Health Connect:
Creating an Equitable Community Health Ecosystem

︎ Taubman Let’s get Healthy - Paving the way for a healthier college community

#HealthByDesign Projects

CareByDesign
2022 Fall
2024 Winter

BrainHealthByDesign
2023 Fall
2021 Fall
2020 Winter

SafeByDesign
2020 Summer

Diet/MoveByDesign
Point Of Design Decisions

Campus Health

CareByDesign Projects

Reviewers:

︎ CAREByDesign

CareByDesign Projects

︎ Intergenerational Design for Mental Health

Intergenerationl Design for Mental Health Projects

Primary Care - International Perspective

CareByDesign Projects

Reviewers:

HealthbyDesign

︎ Consumption Of Alcohol In Moderation

︎ Street Greening

︎ Diet Assisstance

︎ MDining Design

︎ SmartEatingWare

︎ Creating Nourishing Environments

︎ Indoor/Outdoor Shed

︎ Campus COVID-19 Dashboard

︎ [Student] Housing is Health

︎ Lunchables: REthought

︎ The Conscious Life

︎ Health Foundations Mini Course and Intermission Periods

︎ Healthy Points of Decision through Accessibility and Visibility

︎ Nutrition by Design

︎ Sensory Stimulation Through Nature

︎ Intergenerational Community Connections

︎ Power of Play: Improving Brain Health In Lower-Income Affordable Housing

︎ Therapeutic Wayfinding: Transforming the Corridor Into a Healing Environment

︎ Chair, Clinic, and the Classroom

︎ ︎Redefining the Point of Entry: Heal as You Wait

︎ Provider’s Plug

︎ Health Connect: Creating an Equitable Community Health Ecosystem

︎ Taubman Let’s get Healthy - Paving the way for a healthier college community

#HealthByDesign Projects

CareByDesign2022 Fall 2024 Winter

BrainHealthByDesign 2023 Fall 2021 Fall 2020 Winter

SafeByDesign2020 Summer

Diet/MoveByDesignPoint Of Design Decisions

Campus Health

CareByDesign Projects

Reviewers:

︎ CAREByDesign

CareByDesign Projects

︎ Intergenerational Design for Mental Health

Intergenerationl Design for Mental Health Projects

Primary Care - International Perspective

CareByDesign Projects

Reviewers:

︎ Health Connect:
Creating an Equitable Community Health Ecosystem

CareByDesign
2022 Fall
2024 Winter

BrainHealthByDesign
2023 Fall
2021 Fall
2020 Winter

SafeByDesign
2020 Summer

Diet/MoveByDesign
Point Of Design Decisions